Technology and Engineering Atlas

How Things Are Built
Materials

Cement

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Cement is a fine mineral powder that, mixed with water, undergoes a chemical reaction called hydration to bind aggregate into the hardened composite known as concrete. Modern Portland cement, made by heating limestone and clay in a kiln to form clinker and then grinding the clinker with a small amount of gypsum, was patented in 1824 by Joseph Aspdin and is now the most widely manufactured material on Earth by mass, underlying nearly all modern concrete construction.

Facts
Disputed
Origin Year
1824 1
Joseph Aspdin patented modern Portland cement in 1824; hydraulic cements go back much further, including Roman pozzolanic cement from around the second century BCE and John Smeaton hydraulic lime of 1756.
Primary Use
Binding agent in concrete and mortar for virtually all modern construction, from foundations and pavements to dams and high-rise structural framing. 1
Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Concrete, Materials

Cement is the binding agent that, mixed with water and aggregate, hardens into concrete.

In Field

Sources
1. A History of Technology
Charles Singer, E. J. Holmyard, A. R. Hall and Trevor I. Williams, editors, Oxford University Press, 1954
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